Pascal-M 2k1

Pascal-M 2K1

Pascal-M Compiler Linker Disassembler Loader system
Hans Otten, November 2021 Version 0.9
Applicable license: MIT license. Permission given by Mark Rustad.

Note that this version is still beta quality! Your feedback is appreciated!
Contents

Downloads for Windows, Ubuntu and Raspberry PI OS:
Pascal-M 2K1 programs
Pascal-M 2K1 sources

How the Pascal-M system works

The Pascal-M system will let you write Pascal programs and execute them on the 6502, e.g. the KIM-1 or the console of the PC.
The Pascal dialect is standard Pascal (no reals for example) as described in the second edition of ‘The Pascal User Manual and Report’. It can (could in older versions!) compile itself.

To get a Pascal program running on the KIM-1 the Pascal-M 2K1 system requires the following steps.

  1. Edit Write the text of the Pascal program
  2. Compile Repeat 1 and 2 until no compilation errors
  3. Load Convert the object M-code of the compiler output to binary code
  4. Link Combine the compiled binary and the 6502 interpreter to an executable KIM-1 program
  5. Run Load the Papertape file on the KIM-1 and run it

How to use

Step 1: Write a Pascal program with any text editor on your PC, create ASCII text files.
Save the Pascal source with extension .pas, and keep the editor open. I use Notepad++ on Windows, any editor will do.
Step 2 – 4: Start the PascalM2K1 program, a GUI program, and fill in the name of the Pascal source.
Press Compile and if the Pascal-M compiler sees no errors goto step 3 and press Load else go back to the editor.
Note the load address is needed to tell where the code should go in memory, the default is fine for now.
See the section on ‘Memory layout’.
Step 4 requires to fill in the name of the binary of the 6502 interpreter (default pascalmint2k1.bin, make sure it is found).
Also fill in the name you want for the 6502 program (Binary, a papertape version is produced also).
Fill in the upper memory RAM limit in your KIM-1. the default is for 32K RAM above $2000, max is $9FFF.
Press Link.
Step 5: Take the papertape file via a terminal emulator to the KIM-1 (in TTY mode) and run it from start address $2000

The example file test.pas contains the source:

program ctest ;

begin

  writeln('hello world') ;
  
end.

During the steps of PascalM2k1 many files are produced. If for example you start with helloworld.pas and finally link to runhelloworld.bin the following files will be present:

  • helloworld.pas The Pascal source program you have written
  • helloworld.lst Listing of the source program with compilation results
  • helloworld.obp Px code representation of the Mcode
  • helloworld.err Every step produces a file with the status, error or success.
    Also shown in the status field in PascalM2k1
  • helloworld.bin The Mcode loaded into a binary
  • helloworld.prc The Procedure table binary
  • helloworld.dlst The disassembled Mcode, see the Debug section
  • runhelloworld.bin The runnable program binary
  • runhelloworld.pap The MOS papertape version of he runnable program.

You will only have to keep the helloworld.pas and the resulting program runhelloworld.bin and pap, the others can be made again.

Command Line Utilities

The steps described above for PascalM2k1 can also be done with command line utilities. No argument given will prompt for answers.
Help given with -h. Functionality and steps identical to the PascalM2K1 program. Same files produced.

  • cpascalm2k1.exe Pascal-M compiler V2k1
    Syntax:
    cpascalm2k1 <sourcefile> [V]
    produces sourcefile.err (status) and sourcefile.obp (object) files
    V shows errors on console
  • cpascalmload.exe Loader for Pascal-M 2K1
    Syntax:
    cpascalmload <objectfile>[<loadaddress in hex>]
  • cpascalmlinker.exe Pascal-M linker 2K1
    Syntax:
    cpascalmlinker <binfile from loader> <start adress> <interpreter binary><binary startaddres> <linked program file> <upper memory>
  • cpascalmdis.exeDisassembler for Pascal-M 2K1, see the Debug section
    Syntax:
    cpascalmdis <objectfile> <loadaddress in hex>


Pascal-M limitations

Pascal-M is close to standard Pascal, but there are limits due to the P2 origin (close to the second ‘Pascal User Manual and Report’,
recommended as description for Pascal-M) and the limitations to make a small compiler for an 8 bit target.
When you read the compiler source (pascalmcompiler.inc) you will see it is a real language, and can compile itself
(if you strip all enhancements made by me, see SMPASCAL.PAS on the website for the last version that compiles on the KIM-1!)).

This list sums up the important limitations:

  • Identifiers are unique in the first 8 characters
  • No reals
  • Only text files (7 max)
  • 16 bit integers
  • max store size 32768 bytes
  • set max 63 members
  • max 100 procedures/functions, call depth max 12

Memory layout

A Pascal-M program requires RAM from $2000 and up.
The upper limit is variable and can be maximum $DFFF.
The memory layout of a Pascal-M 2K1 system is:

Interpreter start  $2000 - $2F00 : Pascal-M 6502 interpreter
                   $2F00 - $2FFF : procedure buffer 
Load address       $3000 - + size of M-code&amp;quot; M-code
                  .
                  .
          heap growing up
                  .
                  .
          stack growing down
                         - $9FFF = Upper memory 
                           (can be $DFFF for a 48K system) 

The interpreter starts at $2000, point the monitor there and Go. After the Jump the memory layout is found: first location of M-code (default $3000), end of memory (default $9FFF) and end of M-code/start of heap (dependent on the size of the M-code).
The linker fills these addresses.

Console interpreter and debugger

cpascalmint2k1.exe is a command line Mcode interpreter and debugger.
Syntax:
pascalmint2k1 [<name of Mcode object>] [debug]

Without the optional debug parameter the Mcode program is executed:

D:\myfiles\development\PascalM\PascalM2k1\pascal interpreter&amp;gt;pascalmint2k1.exe test.obp
hello world

With the debug parameter a command line drive debugger is started. Use also the Mcode disassembly output to see what is happening in the Mcode machine.

D:\pascalmint2k1.exe test.obp debug
Program ctest    Loaded

PC    = 7CFC
M-Debug &amp;gt; ?

Available debug commands :

  B = Breakpoint commands
  C = Show stack contents
  D = Display store
  E = Show stack contents
  G = Continue without debugger
  H = Show heappointer
  I = Insert in store
  M = Show markpointer
  N = Next instruction executed
  P = Show programcounter
  S = Show stackpointer
  T = Show procedure table
  X = Exit interpreter

PC    = 7CFC
M-Debug &amp;gt; B
Break subcommand &amp;gt; ?

Available Break commands :

  C = Clear all breakpoints
  D = Show  all breakpoints
  S = Set breakpoint

Break subcommand &amp;gt;


Compiling and building the programs from source

Prerequisites

  • A modern PC and operating system. Windows 10 is where the software has been developed, Raspberry OS /Linux have seen limited tested for now. MacOS may work, untested
  • Development (Compile and run everywhere!) with Freepascal and Lazarus IDE (2.x) see https://www.lazarus-ide.org/
    Any version above 2.0 will be OK, No OS dependent functions are used a.f.a.i.k.
  • The archives with the KIM-1 Simulator sources PascalM2k1sources.zip (or higher version).
  • Unpack in a folder, avoid blanks in folder and filenames
  • Start the IDE by clicking on the relevant .lpi file.
  • Build with Run – Build

The system is made up of main programs that ‘include’ the actual functionality. This way the command line utilities and the GUI pascalM2k1 share the code.
If a change is made to an .inc file both vcalling programs may need attention and tests.
No extra components are used, standard Lazarus will do.
Note that the ‘mode’ of the units is important, the compiler needs mode $delphi.

The 6502 interpreter is living in the folder 6502interpreter.
No special assembler syntax is used, TASM 32 bit for Windows command line is included.

tasm -65 pascalmint2k1.asm -b pascalmint2k1.bin
TASM 6502 Assembler.      Version 3.2 September, 2001.
 Copyright (C) 2001 Squak Valley Software
tasm: pass 1 complete.
tasm: pass 2 complete.
tasm: Number of errors = 0

will produce the pascalmint2k1.bin file required

Port to other systems

The Pascal-M system is easy to port to other systems. Another 6502 system is quite easy, adaptations on the assembler source will be:

  • Character I/O, replace the KIM TTY in/out (note the ‘echo’ adaptation, so no hardware echo on the KIM-1!) with the relevant character I/O routines of the new target
  • Take look at the memory layout of the new target, adapt lower and upper memory address in use. It is possible to let the interpreter be independent in memory from the M-code.
    The Pascal-m2K1 does not support this, you will have to manage the binary files and memory management in the interpreter yourself

Another platform is a bit more work. Use an assembler or compiler, the interpreter needs to be written for the new target. Take the Pascal interpreter as example, it is well documented.

Introduction and history

How I spent 40 years on getting so far ….
Pascal-M is the name of the Pascal compiler written by Mark Rustad, around 1977.
It was based (and mostly identical) to the portable P2 Pascal compiler, from the ETH Zurich group led by Niklaus Wirth.
The Px Pascal compilers are portable compiler-interpreters, quality compilers and easy to adapt interpreter to new hosts.

The adaptations by Mark Rustad were in the code production, the M-code is byte oriented and more efficient in memory demands.
File I/O was stripped as was floating point. Only chars, integers 16 bit and booleans. Uppercase only. Input/output was for a teletype, so input was either the keyboard or a HSR (High Speed Reader), output a printer or a HSP( High Speed Punch) via a software
switch.
Mark Rustad told me he ported the compiler to 6800 and 6809. G.J. van der Grinten did work on the interpreter part for the KIM-1 and wrote a 6502 interpreter.
The Micro Ade editor was adapted to produce Pascal text files.

In 1978 I received from the KIM Club in the Netherlands a version of this Pascal-M system, consisting of a KIM-1 tape with the compiler and interpreter and Micro Ade,
listings of the compiler (in Pascal), preliminary M-code description, the interpreter (in 6502 assembler) and the Micro Ade patches.
It was never made into a product for the KIM club, it was a nightmare to use. From entering text to running a program, all from audio cassette files, it took around an hour.
The old days of papertape and cards were gone already. But the time of cross-compiling or floppy drives connected to the KIM-1 was not there yet.
I got no further than a ‘Hello world’ program once and gave up.

In 1983 I started typing in the source on a PDP-11 with RSX-11M Pascal. And moved on to VAX/VMS with the excellent VMS Pascal. After some years I had the compiler, an interpreter
written in Pascal with debugger and the original 6502 interpreter on tape. This system produced for the second time, in 1986, a running ‘Hello world’ on the KIM-1.
I started expanding the compiler, bringing back P2 functionality like file handling, text files are now supported. Lowercase also. Bugs fixed.

But then I bought a CP/M system and the KIM-1 was put aside. Pascal-M forgotten for several years, Pascal compiler technology not.

I came back in MS-DOS times to the Pascal-M system with the compiler running as a Turbo Pascal (1994, 2003). Then Delphi arrived and the Pascal-M system was brought to live again as Delphi console applications.
In 2020 this was compiled in Freepascal, the compiler was cleaned up (and the original source restored also).

And now in 2021 a Lazarus shell around the steps required to produce a working program was programmed. The 6502 interpreter was finally assembled from source again.
Pressing a couple of buttons is now all it takes to produce a program running on the KIM-1 (and as console on the PC).
The command line utilities are refreshed also. So a ‘Hello World’ takes a a couple of minutes from source editing to running on the KIM-1 (Simulator).
The motivation for the KIM-1 Simulator was mostly for being able to test the Pascal-M system!

Error messages from the compiler

  2 Syntax: identifier expected             
  3 Syntax: Program expected                
  4 Syntax: &amp;quot;)&amp;quot; expected                    
  5 Syntax: &amp;quot;:&amp;quot; exepected                   
  6 Syntax: illegal symbol                  
  7 Syntax: actual parameter list           
  8 Syntax: OF expected                     
  9 Syntax: &amp;quot;(&amp;quot; expected                    
 10 Syntax: type specfication expected      
 11 Syntax: &amp;quot;[&amp;quot; expected                    
 12 Syntax: &amp;quot;]&amp;quot; expected                    
 13 Syntax: end expected                    
 14 Syntax: &amp;quot;;&amp;quot; expected                    
 15 Syntax: integer expected                
 16 Syntax: &amp;quot;-&amp;quot; expected                    
 17 Syntax: begin expected                  
 18 Syntax: error in declaration part       
 19 Syntax: error in field list             
 20 Syntax: &amp;quot;,&amp;quot; expected                    
 21 Syntax: &amp;quot;*&amp;quot; expected                    
 50 Syntax: &amp;quot;error in constant              
 51 Syntax: &amp;quot;:=&amp;quot; expected                   
 52 Syntax: then expected                   
 53 Syntax: until expected                  
 54 Syntax: do expected                     
 55 Syntax: to/downto expected              
 56 Syntax: if expected                     
 58 Syntax: ill-formed expression           
 59 Syntax: error in variable               
101 Identifier declared twice               
102 Low bound exceeds high-bound            
103 Identifier is not a type identifier     
104 Identifier not declared                 
105 Sign not allowed                        
106 Number expected                         
107 Incompatible subrange types             
110 Tag type must be an ordinal type        
111 Incompatible with tag type              
113 Index type must be an ordinal type      
115 Base type must be scalar or subrange    
116 Error in type of procedure parameter    
117 Unsatisfied forward reference           
118 Forward reference type identifier       
119 Forward declared : repetition par. list 
120 Function result: scalar,subrange,pointer
122 Forward declared: repetition result type
123 Missing result type in function declar. 
125 Error in type of standard function par. 
126 Number of parameters disagrees with decl
129 Incompatible operands                   
130 Expression is not of SET type           
131 Test on equality allowed only           
132 Inclusion not allowed in set comparisons
134 Illegal type of operands                
135 Boolean operands required               
136 Set element must be scalar or subrange  
137 Set element types not compatible        
138 Type must be array                      
139 Index type is not compatible with decl. 
140 Type must be record                     
141 Type must be pointer                    
142 Illegal parameter substitution                      
143 Illegal type of loop control variable   
144 Illegal type of expression              
145 Type conflict                           
147 Case label and case expression not comp.
148 Subrange bounds must be scalar          
149 Index type must not be an integer       
150 Assignment to standard function illegal 
152 No such field in this record            
154 Actual parameter must be a variable     
155 Control variable declared interm. level 
156 Value already as a label in CASE        
157 Too many cases in CASE statement        
160 Previous declaration was not forward    
161 Again forward declared                  
169 SET element not in range 0 .. 63        
170 String constant must not exceed one line
171 Integer constant exceeds range(32767) ' 
172 Too many nested scopes of identifiers   
173 Too many nested procedures/functions    
174 Index expression out of bounds          
175 Internal compiler error : standard funct
176 Illegal character found                 
177 Error in type                           
178 Illegal reference to variable           
179 Internal error : wrong size variable    
180 Maximum number of files exceeded        
post

Per Brinch Hansen pages updated

After the scan of Brinch Hansen on Pascal compilers I went on and also scanned the book on Edison: Programming a Personal Computer.

The Per Brinch Hansen now are updated too, the Alfred Hartmann book on Concurrent Pascal added, the Software: Practice and Experience issue on Edision scanned and converted, all articles by per Brinch Hansen listed. Enjoy the works of one of the pioneers: simplicity and parallel programming Per Brinch Hansen!

Apple III Pascal

When Apple developed its Apple /// computer (1980 – 1985, 6502 CPU, 2 MHZ), it developed most of its software for this machine with Pascal.
Apple used the Apple ][ Pascal system to create the Apple /// Pascal system. As such, /// Pascal generated P-Codes for a stack-based architecture. The ///’s Pascal language syntax was extended (e. g. otherwise clause in case statements) and like Apple ][ Pascal also supported separate program units. Access to the ///’s native 6502-based operating system, SOS (Sophisticated Operating System, or Sara’s OS), also existed via a special Pascal unit called SOSIO. This OS unit also allowed programmers access to the ///’s larger memory, 256k bytes vs. 64k bytes for the ][ computer.
Apple produced several versions of Apple /// Pascal: 1. 0, 1. 1, 1. 2, 2.0.
Version 2.0 of /// Pascal was unique in that it came with extensive technical documentation called the /// Pascal Workbench and consisted of around 1,000 pages. Version 2. 0’s Pascal compiler also produced a compilation listing consisting of the generated P-Code interleaved with the Pascal source code lines. /// Pascal also supported via a conditional compilation directive the compilation of Apple ][ Pascal programs and produced Apple ][ format code files.

Documentation for the /// Pascal system was excellent. This included a language manual, an operating system manual, and a very detailed runtime architecture manual which also listed all the P-Codes.
For /// Pascal Apple developed a very sophisticated floating-point implementation called SANE (Standard Apple Numeric Environment). SANE was based upon the IEEE floating-point standard. /// Pascal versions 1.0 and 1.1 supported only 4 byte REAL numbers, version 1.2 supported the higher quality 8 byte EXTENDED numbers. SANE went on to become the floating-point engine for Apple’s Lisa and Macintosh computers.

Most of Apple’s software for the /// was developed with the Pascal system. This included the System Utility Program and Backup ///.
The key players for Apple /// Pascal were Ira Rubin and Al Hoffmann. Support for /// Pascal ended when Apple discontinued the /// computer in 1985. From this date onwards Apple seems to have ended its involvement with Pascal which generated P-Code, opting
instead to deal fully with native code generators.

Documents on Apple III Pascal

Introduction, Filer and Editor
Programmer’s Manual Volume 1
Programmer’s Manual Volume 2
Apple III Pascal 1.1 Update
Pascal Technical Reference Manual.
Scanned by Dave Schmenk
Apple III Pascal – Technical Reference Manual
suppplement SOS
Numerics Manual:
A Guide to Using the Apple III
Pascal SANE and Elems Units.
Scanned by Dave Schmenk

Apple III Pascal software

In PRODOS format, inspect with Ciderpress.
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.0 Disk 1 – Bad Filer program
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.0 Disk 2
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.0 Disk 3
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.1 Disk 1
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.1 Disk 2
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.1 Disk 3
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.2 Update Disk 1
Apple 3 Pascal version 1.2 Update Disk 2
Apple 3 Pascal Toolkit Version 1.0B Volume 1
Apple 3 Pascal-Based SOS Access Routines – Source (Paul Hagstrom)

Apple III Pascal Technotes

RPS File Space Allocation
Printing from BASIC and Pascal
Mapping of SOS error codes
SOS Error Codes
SYSTEMP0000X files
Passing strings to and from functions in Pascal III
Reading special keyboard characters (1 of 2)
Reading special keyboard characters (2 of 2)
Apple II Parallel Printer Interface Cable Issue
Changing text modes
Comparison to Apple II Pascal (1 of 2)
Comparison to Apple II Pascal (2 of 2)
Error code summary
Pascal III Editor: Inserting control characters
Listing large directories
SEEK
Accessing the extra memory (1 of 5)
Accessing the extra memory (2 of 5)
Accessing the extra memory (3 of 5)
Accessing the extra memory (4 of 5)
Accessing the extra memory (5 of 5)
Typeahead Killer
Intrinsic Units
Regular Units
Apple III: Pascal ToolKit
Apple III: Console Driver–Screen Mode Switching Program
Apple III: Console Driver–Changing the Character Set
Apple III: Manual Errata–Standard Device Drivers Manual

Test Apple Pascal III

A real Apple III is a collectors item and hard to find in working state.
There is a working emulator with pre-installed Apple pascal and more as part of the MESS suite.
Here is a link to the emulator

post

Pascal-M 1978 Cross compiler

The original 1978 version of Pascal-M, a P2 descendent, has been restored. Original source, which can compile itself, is now available, as a cross compiler, an interpreter in Pascal with debugging facilities, a binary loader for the KIM-1 6502 interpreter and a disassembler for M-code. Together with the already available source of the KIM-1 V1 interpreter all parts of the 1978 compiler are now available in source and compiled/assembled format.

Though compiling itself is a very good test of the compiler, which showed many bugs from typing in and some original present bugs, not too much testing has been done.

I start working now on V1.5 of the cross compiler and leave this V1.0 version as ‘completed’ and ‘historical purposes’.

P5 Pascal

The next text and files are by Scott Moore, www.standardpascal.org/p5.html and https://sourceforge.net/p/pascalp5/wiki/Home/
Local copy here.
He deserves all the honours of making this public available! The “I’ is Scott, not me!

The P5 compiler

Pascal-P5 is available on sourceforge here:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/pascalp5/
Local copy here.
The P5 compiler has existed for a long time as an idea. P4, the last of the Zurich series P-system compilers, left off before the ISO 7185 standard in 1982. It was not only not standard Pascal compliant, it also was only a subset, abeit a substantial one, of full revised Pascal. As an example, or "model" implementation of Pascal, it would have made sense to update the compiler to ISO 7185 status, and that was basically done as "A Model Implementation of Standard Pascal" [Welsh&Hay] before 1986. In fact, the project was designed to support the ISO 7185 project. However, there were a few reasons that a true P5, a straightforward update of the old p4, was a good idea. First, the source code of the "Model Implementation" is not generally available. Second, the "Model Implementation" is a complete scratch rewrite of the compiler, and shares virtually nothing in common with the original P4. This was important because several books, articles and online resources exist for the P4 compiler What I wanted for p5 was a compiler that both accepted ISO 7185 standard Pascal, and was also written in it. The compiler is an extended version of P4 and uses the same intermediate codes where possible. P5 now accepts the full ISO 7185 language, and also has been remade as a byte oriented machine, similar to what was done for both the UCSD compiler and the "Model Implementation". This is is the key to achieving a high efficiency implementation that runs with compact code. P5 also runs the PAT or Pascal Acceptance test, and also self compiles. P5 correctly runs the BSI, or British Standards Institute tests.

The meaning of P5

P5 is a very important milestone for Pascal. To understand why, it is a good idea to review why P4 was important. P4 was to accomplish:

  • Gave an example compiler for the Pascal language.
  • Gave a "model" of Pascal more complete than any description
    (i.e., the effect of any program construct could ultimately be determined
    by running it on P4).
  • Provided a bootstrapping kit to create new Pascal compilers.

To understand why P5 is important, you must understand that P4 didn’t completely accomplish the above goals. First of all, P4 was a subset of the full language. It was never designed to run the full language, only a minimal subset that could be ported to a new machine. The idea was to finish out the full language on the target machine.
Unfortunately, that meant there was not a concrete model of some of the more advanced (and hard to implement) features of full Pascal, for example interprocedural gotos, and procedure and function parameters. These and other features of Pascal left out of P4 were often left out of target compilers, and when they were implemented, they were implemented wrong. The other issue is that P4 was designed to be a minimal bootstrap implementation. If you examine P4, you will see that it makes little use of strings, and keeps them short. This is because it is very inefficient when it comes to storing them in memory. They are stored one character to a word (60 bits on the CDC 6000). Pascal has packing, but that is not implemented in P4. Finally, P4 is very much oriented to the CDC 6000 that it originated on. Everything is stored in 60 bit words, and there is a packing system designed to store two instructions per word.
The reason P4 had these limitations is that memory was very limited back in the 1970s, when P4 came about. Even on the CDC 6000. The authors of P4 worked hard to get P4 down in size and memory requirements so that it would self compile. By the time of the ISO 7185 standard, many people understood that P4 was limited for its purposes. The "Model Implementation of Standard Pascal" [Welsh & Hay] was the answer, and it contained a compiler for the full ISO 7185 Pascal language. Further, it implemented the interpreter as a byte oriented machine (sometimes called a "bytecode machine"). Unfortunately, it got sucked up into the BSI, who have effectively killed it (there appear to be no internet copies of it, and the BSI has not been forthcoming concerning it). Another issue with the "Model Implementation" (with apologies to Jim Welsh and Atholl Hay), is that the MI is written in the "self documented" form (avocated by D. E. Knuth and others) where the entire documentation exists in the same file, intermixed with the code. This is a beautiful method to present code as a finished product, but it tends to be fairly difficult to work on an change. Finally, the MI was a complete break with P4, and had nothing in common with it. This meant that MI used completely new methods and documentation, whereas P4 was already documented in the common media and well understood. P5 is both a break with the past and an embrace of it:

  • P5 is a straighforward extention of P4, and so most of the documentation
    and methods used with P4 are applicable to P5.
  • P5 completely implements ISO 7185.
  • P5 serves as a complete model for the implementation of Pascal.
  • P5 can be used to bootstrap both new compilers, and can efficiently
    self compile without limitations.
  • P5 is oriented toward byte machines, which is virtually all machines
    available today.
  • P5 can be used as a working interpreter, useful for running real programs.

The PAT and PRT

The PAT or Pascal acceptance test is a series of tests in one file that go through each feature of ISO 7185 Pascal. If a ISO 7185 Pascal implementation can compile and run this correctly, then it is substantially compliant with ISO 7185 Pascal.
There are two types of tests, the PAT and the PRT, or Pascal Rejection Test. The PAT test should compile and run correctly, and is a "positive" indication that the implementation compiles standard structures and gives standard results. The PRT is the opposite. It is designed to either fail to compile or generate runtime errors or both. It is a "negative" test that makes sure that the implementation rejects non-standard structures. The PAT only is represented here (for now).

Relationship to the BSI test suite

The BSI test suite [covered in Wichmann&Ciechanowicz] includes both positive and negative testing, and appeared in original version in the Pascal User’s Group. After a great deal of trouble I was able to OCR a copy of that test, which was published free and clear of restrictions. However, the both the test suite and bore copyright notices at one point, and both were given to the BSI (British Standards Institute) to keep and distribute. The BSI no longer distributes either, at any price, and whether they have kept it is also in doubt. In fact, recently I have been calling them about once a month to find out any information about the pair of programs. Both of them were created at universities outside of the BSI, and both were intended to be distributed, not locked in a vault to be eventually discarded. I don’t and won’t distrubute the BSI test without permission, and I don’t have access to the model compiler. Even with the BSI status of "openly published, but rights kept", I don’t feel comfortable putting it up on this site. However, because it was in fact openly published, I don’t feel that I, as an individual, am unable to run the tests, either. Now, the reason that all of this matters is that with P5, we have effectively replaced the material imprisoned by the BSI. P5 upgrades P4, which never bore a copyright, was public domain, and was distributed openly. I put my own work into upgrading P4 into P5, but I donate that work back to the public domain. As P4 was, P5 is free of copyright and charges. Use as you see fit. The PAT was created entirely by me and is original work. However, I also donate this to public domain. It was created back in the early 1990’s, and used to validate both mine and other Pascal compilers. The PAT effectively replaces the positive testing side of the BSI. I also intend to create a negative test, the PRT, and also make that public domain. Further, the PAT and PRT form a collection point for tests, including test that were made in reaction to the failures seen while running the BSI tests. In other words, if the BSI test found a failure, then an equivalent test was added to the PAT (not copied from the BSI!). This is a work in progress, so not all failure points have yet been addressed. Thus, the PAT and PRT are designed to be full replacements for the BSI tests. Format and working of the PAT The PAT is designed to execute a small amount of code, then print the results. Each "test point" tests one feature of ISO 7185 Pascal,and is numbered according to type and sequence. Here is an example from the test:

  write('Control6: ');
  if true then write('yes') else write('no');
  writeln(' s/b yes');

This prints:

Control 6: yes s/b yes

So you see the number and type of the test, control structures number 6, the result, ‘yes’, and finally what the result should be. The PAT is designed to be verified manually, that is, you read it and check that the printed results equal the "should be" collumn. The PAT can be easily automated for regression purposes by redirecting the output to a file, then comparing a saved "gold" version of the result file to the current file.

Self compile

P5 is capable compiling itself. This takes different steps for each of the sections, pcom and pint. The resulting intermediate files are listed in the files section below.

pcom

I was able to get pcom.pas to self compile. This means to compile and run pcom.pas, then execute it in the simulator, pint. Then it is fed its own source, and compiles itself into intermediate code. Then this is compared to the same intermediate code for pcom as output by the regular compiler. Its a good self check, and in fact found a few bugs.
The Windows batch file to control a self compile and check is:
cpcoms.bat
What does it mean to self compile? For pcom, not much. Since it does not execute itself (pint does that), it is simply operating on the interpreter, and happens to be compiling a copy of itself.

Changes required

pint

Pint is more interesting to self compile, since it is running (being interpreted) on a copy of itself. Unlike the pcom self compile, pint can run a copy of itself running a copy of itself, etc., to any depth. Of course, each time the interpreter runs on itself, it slows down orders of magnitude, so it does not take many levels to make it virtually impossible to run to completion. Ran a copy of pint running on itself, then interpreting a copy of iso7185pat. The result of the iso7185pat is then compared to the "gold" standard file. As with pcom, pint will not self compile without modification. It has the same issue with predefined header files. Also, pint cannot run on itself unless its storage requirements are reduced. For example, if the "store" array, the byte array that is used to contain the program, constants and variables, is 1 megabyte in length, the copy of pint that is hosted on pint must have a 1 megabyte store minus all of the overhead associated with pint itself. The windows batch file required to self compile pint is:
cpints.bat
As a result, these are the changes required in pint:

{ !!! Need to use the small size memory to self compile, otherwise, by 
  definition, pint cannot fit into its own memory. }
maxstr = 2000000; { maximum size of addressing for program/var }
 {maxstr = 200000;} { maximum size of addressing for program/var }

and
{ !!! remove this next statement for self compile }
prd,prr : text;(*prd for read only, prr for write only *)

and
{ !!! remove this next statement for self compile }
reset(prd);

and
{ !!! remove this next statement for self compile }
rewrite(prr);

All these changes were made in the file pintm.pas.
Pint also has to change the way it takes in input files. It cannot read the intermediate from the input file, because that is reserved for the program to be run. Instead, it reads the intermediate from the "prd" header file. The interpreted program can also use the same prd file. The solution is to "stack up" the intermediate files. The intermediate for pint itself appears first, followed by the file that is to run under that (iso7185pat). It works because the intermediate has a command that signals the end of the intermediate file, "q". The copy of pint that is reading the intermediate code for pint
stops, then the interpreted copy of pint starts and reads in the other part of the file. This could, in fact, go to any depth. All of the source code changes from pint.pas to pintm.pas are automated in cpints.bat.

Self compiled files and sizes

The resulting sizes of the self compiled files are:

pcomm.p5
Storage areas occupied
=====================================
Program             0-114657( 114658)
Stack/Heap   114658-1987994 (1873337)
Constants   1987995-2000000 (  12005)

pintm.p5
Storage areas occupied
=====================================
Program             0- 56194 ( 56195)
Stack/Heap    56195-1993985 (1937791)
Constants     1993986-2000000 ( 6014)

Files for the P5 system

Pascal-P5 is entirely hosted on sourceforge now. Please see the site for all sources:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/pascalp5/
Local copy here.
This lets you access my development link for Pascal-P5. You can use this to:

  • download the entire source tree.
  • browse individual files
  • retrieve old versions
  • File bugs or requests
  • Track the status of or find existing problems/issues
  • Become a co-developer

And much more.
For versioned files (releases) see the files area. The current version is always archived as pascal-p5.tar.gz. The current and previous versions are named as:

pascal-p5_<major version>_<minor version>

That is, each time I create a new version, I make a copy of it using the naming system above. This allows each version to be recovered and used. To get a current development copy of Pascal-P5 source, simply have GIT installed on your system, and execute the following in the directory where you wish to install P5: git clone ssh://samiam95124@git.code.sf.net/p/pascalp5/code pascalp5-code This will get the entire P5 file tree and place it into the target directory "p5".

A note about versioning

My common practice is to "bump" the version numer after any changes are made to a certified release. The idea is that the new version number will be the version of the next release to come. This of course can cause confusion. However, the rule, is: if it is not in the above release list, then it is a development version.

Getting started

For all versions see the readme.txt file in the root directory.

Compiling and using P5

The P5 compiler/assembler is much easier than P4 in one respect. There are no limitations to remember verses ISO 7185 Pascal. If it is legal Standard Pascal, it will compile and run.

To run P5, use the following format:

pcom intermediate.int < source.pas
pint intermediate.int program.out

All files must be specified. This is what the batch file p5.bat given above does.

What is.. and is not in P5

While upgrading P4 to P5, I specifically tried to avoid any temptation to "improve" the code, such as add functions or features, or reformat the code to be more presentable, etc. There is a time and place for that. I simply wanted P5 to be a full language compiler for Pascal, instead of a subset compiler. The one exception I allowed for is the addition of a routine that dumps all of the error codes that were used in the source compile along with their text equivalents. I have found this to be a great improvement on trying to search the various documents for what error code means what. Of course, virtually all implementations improve on the original Pascal, including the original CDC 6000 compiler. The extensions consist of a combination of features best left defined to a particular implementation, and also usablity extentions to Pascal in general. There’s a lot more that can be done with P5. However, I have left that for the P6 project. P6 is the next step for the P-series, and includes a series of extentions to the base ISO 7185 language.

For more information contact: Scott A. Moore