APPLE LISA COMPUTER PASCAL

• Apple Lisa Pascal sources

The 68000-based Lisa computer (1979 – 1985) was unique in that the majority of its system and application software was written in a powerful extended version of Pascal called Lisa Pascal. This software included the operating system (90^000 lines), the Workshop development environment (100,000 lines), 7 application programs (each around 50.000 lines [e.g. LisaWrite, LisaCalc]), and an avalanche of development support programs (e.g. mouse-based editor, telecommunications program, and Pascal language utilities).

Apple’s Lisa Pascal developments began from scratch for Apple when it licensed in 1981 a Motorola 68000 native code Pascal compiler from Silicon Valley Software in California. This compiler was based upon the older P4 compiler from Niklaus Wirth of ETH in Switzerland and consisted of two general passes. Pass 1 produced I-Code, a low-level representation of the high-level Pascal constructs. Pass 2, the code generator, converted the I-Codes to optimized 68000 object code. Apple even considered early in the Lisa’s development using a custom Apple processor which would execute P-Code directly, but the expense of developing such a chip was too much for Apple’s accountants and this project was dropped.

All Lisa development was done with the Lisa Workshop, a command line based development environment similar to Apple’s earlier ][ and /// Pascal systems. The Workshop provided an excellent development environment with its Pascal compiler, mouse-based editor, 68000 assembler, and an extensive collection of utility programs (e.g. Format, XRef, ProcNames). The Workshop supported other languages which included BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Apple produced several versions of Lisa Pascal: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. Version 3. was the last version and supported the creation of intrinsic units which allowed a single copy of a unit to exist in the system and be used by several programs simultaneously. All versions supported language extensions such as otherwise clause in case statements, longint 32 bit integers, § operator for data addresses, data type coercion, and relaxed ordering of const/type/var sections. A lot of bit-based -functions were also
supported (e. g. BITAND to make bit bashing easier. Inline 68000 assembly code could also be used.

Like the Apple /// Pascal, Lisa Pascal also supported SANE, Apple’s IEEE floating-point implementation. In addition to SANE Apple developed a fairly comprehensive math package called MathLib.
Apple also developed an IEEE floating-point test program which attempted to ring out the bugs in SANE (Jerome Coonen of Apple wrote this test program and its associated test vectors).

Lisa Pascal was a superset of Apple’s older ][ and /// Pascals and, as such, was able to compile ][ and /// Pascal programs which did not make any ][ or /// system calls. Lisa Pascal could also produce a compilation listing complete with the Pascal source code interleaved with the generated 68000 assembly statements.

Apple also developed the Lisa QuickDraw (a. k. a. LisaGraf ) graphics library which formed the heart of what was called Lisa Technology. Though written in 68000 assembly^ Apple provided an extensive Pascal interface to this rather remarkable graphics environment (QuickDraw was later patented by Apple and Bi11 Atkinson. QuickDraw’s creator).

When Apple introduced the Macintosh computer in 1984 all Macintosh programming by Apple and others was done with Lisa Pascal and the Lisa Workshop. For this activity Apple created an extensive set of libraries containing the Macintosh toolbox interfaces. Many important Macintosh programs were written in Lisa Pascal, including MacPaint, MacWrite, MacDraw, and MacTerminal.

The key players behind Lisa Pascal were Ira Rubin and Al Hoffmann.
Apple provided extensive documentation for the Lisa Workshop and Lisa Pascal which included a language manual, an operating system manual, and a Workshop manual. Many internal memos were also released by Apple which described special features of Lisa Pascal.

Lisa Pascal was also used by Apple to develop the Lisa Clascal object-oriented language and the Clascal-based Toolkit class library.

Apple discontinued the Lisa in 1985 in favor of the Macintosh and when Apple’s native Macintosh development environment (MPW) became operational in 1986 Apple dropped support for Lisa Pascal and the Lisa Workshop. Therefore, Lisa Pascal lasted from 1981 to 1986, an eternity in the field of microcomputer languages.

APPLE LISA COMPUTER CLASCAL
Apple’s first foray into the world of object-oriented programming was with the Lisa Clascal (Classes + Pascal) language. Developed from 1983 to 1985 Clascal was an extension of Lisa Pascal which included several new keywords such as methods and subclass. The main concepts behind Clascal were derived from Simula and Smalltalk. Xerox PARC’s experimental object-oriented language.
In addition to Clascal Apple also developed an extensive set of class libraries which were collectively called the Lisa Toolkit. This class library allowed Lisa developers to create Lisa desktop applications (a. k. a. tools) in a fairly short time frame.

Though really used only internally by Apple for its own research efforts Clascal was made available to external developers but without any support by Apple (David Redhed of Seattle Washington created an independent Clascal/Toolkit support group called the Toolkit User’s Group [TUG], but this unfortunately did not last too long). Apple considered enhancing ClascaL but this Clascal-85 effort was extinguished by Apple’s work with Object Pascal for the Macintosh.
Several significant programs were developed with Clascal and the Toolkit including a calendar program, Apple’s Lisa-to-tlacintosh data conversion program, a desktop publishing program, and a fuzzy logic program.
The key player behind Clascal was Larry Tesler, one of the Lisa computer’s designers, and several former Xerox Smalltalk experts.

When Apple dropped all support for Clascal and the Toolkit it provided the Toolkit source code to the public, but the source code to the Clascal compiler was, alas, not made public.

The next text and files are by Scott Moore, www.standardpascal.org/p5.html and https://sourceforge.net/p/pascalp5/wiki/Home/
Local copy here.
He deserves all the honours of making this public available! The “I’ is Scott, not me!

The P5 compiler

Pascal-P5 is available on sourceforge here:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/pascalp5/
Local copy here.
The P5 compiler has existed for a long time as an idea. P4, the last of the Zurich series P-system compilers, left off before the ISO 7185 standard in 1982. It was not only not standard Pascal compliant, it also was only a subset, abeit a substantial one, of full revised Pascal. As an example, or "model" implementation of Pascal, it would have made sense to update the compiler to ISO 7185 status, and that was basically done as "A Model Implementation of Standard Pascal" [Welsh&Hay] before 1986. In fact, the project was designed to support the ISO 7185 project. However, there were a few reasons that a true P5, a straightforward update of the old p4, was a good idea. First, the source code of the "Model Implementation" is not generally available. Second, the "Model Implementation" is a complete scratch rewrite of the compiler, and shares virtually nothing in common with the original P4. This was important because several books, articles and online resources exist for the P4 compiler What I wanted for p5 was a compiler that both accepted ISO 7185 standard Pascal, and was also written in it. The compiler is an extended version of P4 and uses the same intermediate codes where possible. P5 now accepts the full ISO 7185 language, and also has been remade as a byte oriented machine, similar to what was done for both the UCSD compiler and the "Model Implementation". This is is the key to achieving a high efficiency implementation that runs with compact code. P5 also runs the PAT or Pascal Acceptance test, and also self compiles. P5 correctly runs the BSI, or British Standards Institute tests.

The meaning of P5

P5 is a very important milestone for Pascal. To understand why, it is a good idea to review why P4 was important. P4 was to accomplish:

• Gave an example compiler for the Pascal language.
• Gave a "model" of Pascal more complete than any description
  (i.e., the effect of any program construct could ultimately be determined
  by running it on P4).
• Provided a bootstrapping kit to create new Pascal compilers.

To understand why P5 is important, you must understand that P4 didn’t completely accomplish the above goals. First of all, P4 was a subset of the full language. It was never designed to run the full language, only a minimal subset that could be ported to a new machine. The idea was to finish out the full language on the target machine.
Unfortunately, that meant there was not a concrete model of some of the more advanced (and hard to implement) features of full Pascal, for example interprocedural gotos, and procedure and function parameters. These and other features of Pascal left out of P4 were often left out of target compilers, and when they were implemented, they were implemented wrong. The other issue is that P4 was designed to be a minimal bootstrap implementation. If you examine P4, you will see that it makes little use of strings, and keeps them short. This is because it is very inefficient when it comes to storing them in memory. They are stored one character to a word (60 bits on the CDC 6000). Pascal has packing, but that is not implemented in P4. Finally, P4 is very much oriented to the CDC 6000 that it originated on. Everything is stored in 60 bit words, and there is a packing system designed to store two instructions per word.
The reason P4 had these limitations is that memory was very limited back in the 1970s, when P4 came about. Even on the CDC 6000. The authors of P4 worked hard to get P4 down in size and memory requirements so that it would self compile. By the time of the ISO 7185 standard, many people understood that P4 was limited for its purposes. The "Model Implementation of Standard Pascal" [Welsh & Hay] was the answer, and it contained a compiler for the full ISO 7185 Pascal language. Further, it implemented the interpreter as a byte oriented machine (sometimes called a "bytecode machine"). Unfortunately, it got sucked up into the BSI, who have effectively killed it (there appear to be no internet copies of it, and the BSI has not been forthcoming concerning it). Another issue with the "Model Implementation" (with apologies to Jim Welsh and Atholl Hay), is that the MI is written in the "self documented" form (avocated by D. E. Knuth and others) where the entire documentation exists in the same file, intermixed with the code. This is a beautiful method to present code as a finished product, but it tends to be fairly difficult to work on an change. Finally, the MI was a complete break with P4, and had nothing in common with it. This meant that MI used completely new methods and documentation, whereas P4 was already documented in the common media and well understood. P5 is both a break with the past and an embrace of it:

• P5 is a straighforward extention of P4, and so most of the documentation
  and methods used with P4 are applicable to P5.
• P5 completely implements ISO 7185.
• P5 serves as a complete model for the implementation of Pascal.
• P5 can be used to bootstrap both new compilers, and can efficiently
  self compile without limitations.
• P5 is oriented toward byte machines, which is virtually all machines
  available today.
• P5 can be used as a working interpreter, useful for running real programs.

The PAT and PRT

The PAT or Pascal acceptance test is a series of tests in one file that go through each feature of ISO 7185 Pascal. If a ISO 7185 Pascal implementation can compile and run this correctly, then it is substantially compliant with ISO 7185 Pascal.
There are two types of tests, the PAT and the PRT, or Pascal Rejection Test. The PAT test should compile and run correctly, and is a "positive" indication that the implementation compiles standard structures and gives standard results. The PRT is the opposite. It is designed to either fail to compile or generate runtime errors or both. It is a "negative" test that makes sure that the implementation rejects non-standard structures. The PAT only is represented here (for now).

Relationship to the BSI test suite

The BSI test suite [covered in Wichmann&Ciechanowicz] includes both positive and negative testing, and appeared in original version in the Pascal User’s Group. After a great deal of trouble I was able to OCR a copy of that test, which was published free and clear of restrictions. However, the both the test suite and bore copyright notices at one point, and both were given to the BSI (British Standards Institute) to keep and distribute. The BSI no longer distributes either, at any price, and whether they have kept it is also in doubt. In fact, recently I have been calling them about once a month to find out any information about the pair of programs. Both of them were created at universities outside of the BSI, and both were intended to be distributed, not locked in a vault to be eventually discarded. I don’t and won’t distrubute the BSI test without permission, and I don’t have access to the model compiler. Even with the BSI status of "openly published, but rights kept", I don’t feel comfortable putting it up on this site. However, because it was in fact openly published, I don’t feel that I, as an individual, am unable to run the tests, either. Now, the reason that all of this matters is that with P5, we have effectively replaced the material imprisoned by the BSI. P5 upgrades P4, which never bore a copyright, was public domain, and was distributed openly. I put my own work into upgrading P4 into P5, but I donate that work back to the public domain. As P4 was, P5 is free of copyright and charges. Use as you see fit. The PAT was created entirely by me and is original work. However, I also donate this to public domain. It was created back in the early 1990’s, and used to validate both mine and other Pascal compilers. The PAT effectively replaces the positive testing side of the BSI. I also intend to create a negative test, the PRT, and also make that public domain. Further, the PAT and PRT form a collection point for tests, including test that were made in reaction to the failures seen while running the BSI tests. In other words, if the BSI test found a failure, then an equivalent test was added to the PAT (not copied from the BSI!). This is a work in progress, so not all failure points have yet been addressed. Thus, the PAT and PRT are designed to be full replacements for the BSI tests. Format and working of the PAT The PAT is designed to execute a small amount of code, then print the results. Each "test point" tests one feature of ISO 7185 Pascal,and is numbered according to type and sequence. Here is an example from the test:

  write('Control6: ');
  if true then write('yes') else write('no');
  writeln(' s/b yes');

This prints:

Control 6: yes s/b yes

So you see the number and type of the test, control structures number 6, the result, ‘yes’, and finally what the result should be. The PAT is designed to be verified manually, that is, you read it and check that the printed results equal the "should be" collumn. The PAT can be easily automated for regression purposes by redirecting the output to a file, then comparing a saved "gold" version of the result file to the current file.

Self compile

P5 is capable compiling itself. This takes different steps for each of the sections, pcom and pint. The resulting intermediate files are listed in the files section below.

pcom

I was able to get pcom.pas to self compile. This means to compile and run pcom.pas, then execute it in the simulator, pint. Then it is fed its own source, and compiles itself into intermediate code. Then this is compared to the same intermediate code for pcom as output by the regular compiler. Its a good self check, and in fact found a few bugs.
The Windows batch file to control a self compile and check is:
cpcoms.bat
What does it mean to self compile? For pcom, not much. Since it does not execute itself (pint does that), it is simply operating on the interpreter, and happens to be compiling a copy of itself.

Changes required

pint

Pint is more interesting to self compile, since it is running (being interpreted) on a copy of itself. Unlike the pcom self compile, pint can run a copy of itself running a copy of itself, etc., to any depth. Of course, each time the interpreter runs on itself, it slows down orders of magnitude, so it does not take many levels to make it virtually impossible to run to completion. Ran a copy of pint running on itself, then interpreting a copy of iso7185pat. The result of the iso7185pat is then compared to the "gold" standard file. As with pcom, pint will not self compile without modification. It has the same issue with predefined header files. Also, pint cannot run on itself unless its storage requirements are reduced. For example, if the "store" array, the byte array that is used to contain the program, constants and variables, is 1 megabyte in length, the copy of pint that is hosted on pint must have a 1 megabyte store minus all of the overhead associated with pint itself. The windows batch file required to self compile pint is:
cpints.bat
As a result, these are the changes required in pint:

{ !!! Need to use the small size memory to self compile, otherwise, by 
  definition, pint cannot fit into its own memory. }
maxstr = 2000000; { maximum size of addressing for program/var }
 {maxstr = 200000;} { maximum size of addressing for program/var }

and
{ !!! remove this next statement for self compile }
prd,prr : text;(*prd for read only, prr for write only *)

and
{ !!! remove this next statement for self compile }
reset(prd);

and
{ !!! remove this next statement for self compile }
rewrite(prr);

All these changes were made in the file pintm.pas.
Pint also has to change the way it takes in input files. It cannot read the intermediate from the input file, because that is reserved for the program to be run. Instead, it reads the intermediate from the "prd" header file. The interpreted program can also use the same prd file. The solution is to "stack up" the intermediate files. The intermediate for pint itself appears first, followed by the file that is to run under that (iso7185pat). It works because the intermediate has a command that signals the end of the intermediate file, "q". The copy of pint that is reading the intermediate code for pint
stops, then the interpreted copy of pint starts and reads in the other part of the file. This could, in fact, go to any depth. All of the source code changes from pint.pas to pintm.pas are automated in cpints.bat.

Self compiled files and sizes

The resulting sizes of the self compiled files are:

pcomm.p5
Storage areas occupied
=====================================
Program             0-114657( 114658)
Stack/Heap   114658-1987994 (1873337)
Constants   1987995-2000000 (  12005)

pintm.p5
Storage areas occupied
=====================================
Program             0- 56194 ( 56195)
Stack/Heap    56195-1993985 (1937791)
Constants     1993986-2000000 ( 6014)

Files for the P5 system

Pascal-P5 is entirely hosted on sourceforge now. Please see the site for all sources:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/pascalp5/
Local copy here.
This lets you access my development link for Pascal-P5. You can use this to:

• download the entire source tree.
• browse individual files
• retrieve old versions
• File bugs or requests
• Track the status of or find existing problems/issues
• Become a co-developer

And much more.
For versioned files (releases) see the files area. The current version is always archived as pascal-p5.tar.gz. The current and previous versions are named as:

pascal-p5_<major version>_<minor version>

That is, each time I create a new version, I make a copy of it using the naming system above. This allows each version to be recovered and used. To get a current development copy of Pascal-P5 source, simply have GIT installed on your system, and execute the following in the directory where you wish to install P5: git clone ssh://samiam95124@git.code.sf.net/p/pascalp5/code pascalp5-code This will get the entire P5 file tree and place it into the target directory "p5".

A note about versioning

My common practice is to "bump" the version numer after any changes are made to a certified release. The idea is that the new version number will be the version of the next release to come. This of course can cause confusion. However, the rule, is: if it is not in the above release list, then it is a development version.

Getting started

For all versions see the readme.txt file in the root directory.

Compiling and using P5

The P5 compiler/assembler is much easier than P4 in one respect. There are no limitations to remember verses ISO 7185 Pascal. If it is legal Standard Pascal, it will compile and run.

To run P5, use the following format:

pcom intermediate.int < source.pas
pint intermediate.int program.out

All files must be specified. This is what the batch file p5.bat given above does.

What is.. and is not in P5

While upgrading P4 to P5, I specifically tried to avoid any temptation to "improve" the code, such as add functions or features, or reformat the code to be more presentable, etc. There is a time and place for that. I simply wanted P5 to be a full language compiler for Pascal, instead of a subset compiler. The one exception I allowed for is the addition of a routine that dumps all of the error codes that were used in the source compile along with their text equivalents. I have found this to be a great improvement on trying to search the various documents for what error code means what. Of course, virtually all implementations improve on the original Pascal, including the original CDC 6000 compiler. The extensions consist of a combination of features best left defined to a particular implementation, and also usablity extentions to Pascal in general. There’s a lot more that can be done with P5. However, I have left that for the P6 project. P6 is the next step for the P-series, and includes a series of extentions to the base ISO 7185 language.

For more information contact: Scott A. Moore

The Stanford Pascal 360 (1979 version) is a modified version of the P2 Compiler, and except for a few minor extensions, processes the same language. The compiler itself is a 5000 lines Pascal program that translates to P-code. A post processor then translates P-code to IBM assembly code.

The later Stanford Pascal compiler is an offspring of the original Pascal P4 compiler.

A compiler based on the Pascal-P4 compiler, which created native binaries, was released for the IBM System/370 mainframe computer
by the Australian Atomic Energy Commission; it was called the “AAEC Pascal Compiler” after the abbreviation of the name of the Commission.

The AAEC compiler later became the Stanford Pascal compiler (in 1979 ca.), and later again, it was maintained by the McGill university in Montreal, Canada (from 1982 on).

New Stanford Pascal:

CS-TR-79-731.pdf Stanford Pascal Verifier User Manual, March 1979
TN164_A_Pascal_P-Code_Interpreter_for_the_Stanford_Emmy_Sep79.pdf
October 1974 Stanford Pascal/360 Implementation Guide, contains source of compiler (4665 lines)
pcode_1978.pdf
Stanford1979.pdf
pascal_master.zip many original sources (and later improved versions of Stanford Pascal, part of the Bernd Oppolzer initiative.

Archive with the DECUS DEC PDP-11 Pascal compiler, including sources.

This compiler is a descendent of the ZürichPascal compilers.

            DECUS Pascal for PDP-11
	          ===========================

	          Version 6.3,  November 1985


Abstract:

This compiler implements the Pascal programming language on PDP-11s
running RSX-11 and on other systems that can run RSX tasks (eg. RSTS,
VAX AME).

The main features of this Pascal are:
  - can optionally compile programs to use any arithmetic hardware
  - useful language extensions: default case, loop statement, variable
    length string parameters, substring parameters, structured function
    results, boundless array parameters, and more
  - enhanced I/O facilities for creating and accessing files of
    various types
  - standard file for terminal I/O
  - separate compilation of procedures/functions
  - linkage to external FORTRAN or MACRO routines
  - source "include" facility
  - development aids: statement trace, statement execution profiler,
    conditional compilation
  - high level interactive symbolic debugger and symbolic dump
  - all source and tools provided for maintaining the compiler and
    runtime library (compiler can only be re-compiled on RSX-11).

This release introduces several minor corrections and enhancements.
In particular it now runs on the latest versions of RSTS and RSX.


Restrictions:
Several deviations from the ISO/ANSI Pascal Standard.  (Conformance
report in user manual.)